Glaucoma

Glaucoma 


Definition:

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, usually due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide.


Types of Glaucoma:

1. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG):

Most common type.

  • Gradual clogging of drainage canals.

  • Often symptomless until vision loss occurs.

2. Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG):

  • Less common but a medical emergency.

  • Sudden blockage of drainage canals.

  • Causes rapid rise in eye pressure.

3. Normal-Tension Glaucoma:

  • Optic nerve damage despite normal IOP.

4. Congenital Glaucoma:

  • Present at birth due to improper development of the eye’s drainage system.

5. Secondary Glaucoma:

  • Caused by another condition like trauma, 
  • diabetes,
  •  steroids, or uveitis.


Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Increased eye pressure (IOP)

  • Family history of glaucoma

  • Age > 40 years

  • Diabetes

  • Hypertension

  • Long-term steroid use

  • Eye injuries or surgeries


Symptoms:

Open-angle glaucoma:

  • No early symptoms

  • Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision

Angle-closure glaucoma:

  • Severe eye pain

  • Headache

  • Nausea, vomiting

  • Blurred vision

  • Halos around lights


Diagnosis:

  • Tonometry (measuring IOP)

  • Ophthalmoscopy (optic nerve examination)

  • Perimetry (visual field test)

  • Gonioscopy (angle of eye inspection)

  • OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)


Treatment:


Medications: Eye drops to reduce IOP (e.g., prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers)


Laser therapy: Trabeculoplasty, iridotomy


Surgery: Trabeculectomy, drainage implants


Prevention & Tips:

  • Regular eye checkups, especially after age 40

  • Control systemic diseases (diabetes, BP)

  • Avoid unnecessary steroid use

  • Know your family history


For further process click https://medorbis.ai

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