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Visual pathway

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visual pathway The visual pathway is the route by which visual information travels from the eyes to the brain for processing. Here’s a clear breakdown: 1. Components of the Visual Pathway 1. Retina Light is converted into nerve impulses by photoreceptors (rods & cones). Impulses pass through bipolar cells → ganglion cells. Axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve . 2. Optic Nerve (CN II) Carries signals from each eye to the optic chiasm. 3. Optic Chiasm Fibers from the nasal retina cross to the opposite side. Fibers from the temporal retina remain on the same side. This crossing ensures that  left visual field → right brain right visual field → left brain. 4. Optic Tract Pathway from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of the thalamus. Each tract carries information from the opposite visual field. 5. Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB) Located in the thalamus. Acts as a relay station for visual signals. 6. Optic Radiations (Geniculocalcarine Tract) Fibers from t...
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Retinal diseases

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  Retinal diseases  Retinal diseases are conditions that affect the retina, the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye responsible for capturing images and sending visual signals to the brain. Damage to the retina can lead to vision impairment or blindness if not treated promptly. Common Retinal Diseases 1. Diabetic Retinopathy Caused by damage to retinal blood vessels due to diabetes. Symptoms: Blurred vision, floaters, vision loss in advanced stages. 2. Retinal Detachment Retina separates from the underlying tissue. Symptoms: Sudden flashes of light, floaters, curtain-like shadow over vision. Medical emergency. 3. Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Affects the macula, responsible for sharp central vision. Types: Dry AMD (gradual) and Wet AMD (sudden due to bleeding). Symptoms: Difficulty reading, recognizing faces, central vision loss. 4. Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) A group of genetic disorders causing gradual retinal degeneration. Symptoms: Night blindness, t...
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Types of Cataract Based on Etiology (Cause):

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 ✅ Types of Cataract Based on Etiology (Cause): 1. Senile Cataract Most common type Occurs due to aging (usually after 50 years) Gradual lens degeneration 2. Congenital Cataract Present at birth or develops in infancy Causes: Genetic disorders Maternal infections during pregnancy (e.g. rubella, toxoplasmosis) Metabolic disorders (e.g. galactosemia) 3. Developmental Cataract Develops in early childhood May be associated with systemic conditions 4. Traumatic Cataract Caused by eye injury (blunt or penetrating trauma) May also result from chemical or thermal burns 5. Metabolic Cataract Occurs due to systemic metabolic disorders, such as: Diabetes mellitus (diabetic cataract) Galactosemia Hypocalcemia Wilson’s disease 6. Toxic/Drug-Induced Cataract Caused by long-term use of certain drugs: Corticosteroids (most common) Miotics (e.g. pilocarpine) Chlorpromazine Amiodarone 7. Radiation Cataract Caused by exposure to ionizing radiation, UV light, infrared, or radiotherapy 8. Complicated C...
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